tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-83408486828846521182024-03-14T10:13:22.097-06:00Our Common NatureBringing research on the human-nature relationship to a wider audienceStephanie Westlund, PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00153564103959010801noreply@blogger.comBlogger21125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340848682884652118.post-73176607373172311872014-10-19T11:47:00.004-06:002014-10-19T11:47:52.798-06:00Pregnant Women and Their Babies Benefit from Time Outdoors<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9XeBhkZCGS8xuhJ7aRlhmp6oJpd6w9G76mEDcF-75bQizQOsliwYOhFNrbsl2x8_pvDdjT91mTGzGW80-pkMBeRCP-kQfm7_bWrsOLuwYQXafzdDdY7ElaxM0ACD6vtsnAvLPiYDzod2t/s1600/Baby.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9XeBhkZCGS8xuhJ7aRlhmp6oJpd6w9G76mEDcF-75bQizQOsliwYOhFNrbsl2x8_pvDdjT91mTGzGW80-pkMBeRCP-kQfm7_bWrsOLuwYQXafzdDdY7ElaxM0ACD6vtsnAvLPiYDzod2t/s1600/Baby.jpg" height="248" width="320" /></a>Are you pregnant or do you know someone who is? Quick, turn off your computer and get outside!
<br />
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</div>
According to researchers at Oregon State University and the University of
British Columbia who looked at pregnancy and birth outcomes in more than 64,000
singleton births in Vancouver, British Columbia, women who live within 100
meters of green space such as trees, lots of grass, and other plant life tend to
have better pregnancy results. <br />
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In particular, pregnant women who spend more time in green
spaces are more likely to deliver full-term and higher birth-weight babies. The
researchers believe these positive outcomes of green exposure are related to
the overall health benefits of spending time in nature, including perhaps <a href="http://ourcommonnature.blogspot.ca/2012/12/blood-pressure-and-nature-walks.html" target="_blank">reduced blood pressure</a>, <a href="http://ourcommonnature.blogspot.ca/2013_02_01_archive.html" target="_blank">stress reduction </a>and <a href="http://ourcommonnature.blogspot.ca/2012/12/gardening-into-old-age.html" target="_blank">lower cortisol levels</a>, as well as the fact
that spending time in nature facilitates social support and a sense of
belonging (which, as I write about in <a href="http://www.fieldexercises.com/" target="_blank"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Field Exercises</i></a>, has been a very clear benefit for veterans). <br />
<br />
Perhaps this helps account for my recent delivery of a full-term, nine-pound baby? (Now you know why I haven't been posting much lately!)<br />
<br />
Although the researchers suggest that neighborhood greenness is an important
factor (probably because it allows women to easily spend time outdoors), I suspect
that any pregnant woman could easily adapt this research to her own life, no
matter what type of neighborhood she lives in. It may take more effort, but it would
be well worth seeking out and spending time in a park or by the river as much
as possible during one’s pregnancy – and afterwards, too. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>It certainly can’t hurt!<br />
<br />
What I’d like to see now is a study on infant sleep and green exposure. When my
son was six months old, I came to realize that the more time he spent outdoors
during the day, the better he slept at night. This time around, I’m spending as
much time as possible with my baby outdoors. It can’t hurt, and if it benefits
her nighttime sleep, then all the better! </div>
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Reference</h4>
<br />
Perry Hystad, Hugh W. Davies, Lawrence Frank, Josh Van Loon,
Ulrike Gehring, Lillian Tamburic, and Michael Brauer. <span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span><strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Residential Greenness and
Birth Outcomes: Evaluating the Influence of Spatially Correlated
Built-Environment Factors</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.</span>
</strong><em>Environmental Health Perspectives</em>, 2014; DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1308049" target="_blank">10.1289/ehp.1308049</a><br />
Stephanie Westlund, PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00153564103959010801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340848682884652118.post-87565702155501348802014-07-25T10:31:00.000-06:002014-07-25T10:31:25.130-06:00Farming Together in the Buduburam Refugee Camp<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh5maULceKnA_Oqr_Awji9iAYBJYm8ssQPEPlPcnPP4_DbDVq95P4xMIryE4rlYi5rur_U8eoCFHzCvTk0v9dQrvk0T7fw7csFw7d4wwZgcCdjV1Ruu_ULCnu_Rtngmqwx9I6J1cBnJlig/s1600/P9015071.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh5maULceKnA_Oqr_Awji9iAYBJYm8ssQPEPlPcnPP4_DbDVq95P4xMIryE4rlYi5rur_U8eoCFHzCvTk0v9dQrvk0T7fw7csFw7d4wwZgcCdjV1Ruu_ULCnu_Rtngmqwx9I6J1cBnJlig/s1600/P9015071.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="Body">
Over the past few years, most of my research and conversations
have been with Canadian and American veterans, but several years ago, I learned
the story of a young Liberian man named Morris living in the Buduburam Refugee
Camp in Ghana. Morris’s story (told in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">When
Blood and Bones Cry Out</i> by John Paul Lederach and Angela Jill Lederach) is another
example of the ways that farming and gardening can provide an important outlet
for healing and support to many former combatants. </div>
<div class="Body">
<br /><b>Becoming a Child Soldier </b></div>
<div class="Body">
When Morris was 13, his father was murdered by rebels, and soon
after Morris became a child soldier in the Liberian civil war. Later he also
trained other child soldiers to fight in Sierra Leone’s civil war. Eventually,
when struck by the realization that his fighting had turned him into an empty
shell and that he no longer felt human, Morris escaped to the Buduburam Refugee
Camp. As part of his own healing—from both his roles as victim and perpetrator
in the Liberian civil war—and to give back to the community in the refugee
camp, Morris assembled other child soldiers also living in the camp, and the
youngsters built a farm together. </div>
<div class="Body">
<br /><b>Farming Together</b></div>
<div class="Body">
Today, approximately 200 former child soldiers grow and harvest
fruits and vegetables in the camp. All of them, including Morris, continue to
carry the stigma of their former roles as combatants and many others in the
refugee community continue to see them as rapists and murderers. Accordingly,
the healing and recovery process for these young people is anything but easy.
They have lived through horrific violence, and many have committed unimaginable
acts. As Morris remarked, “It is so hard . . . All you have in
your mind is violence. You have been living in violence for so
long . . . It doesn’t matter where you are. It’s embedded in
you. And it is creative. You can do unimaginable things, terrible things with
this creativity, because you have seen so much violence. It takes willpower to
transform that. Some of us are working hard to change.” </div>
<div class="Body">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body">
And so as they work to change themselves, and to overcome the
community stigmatization, the former child soldiers continue to work the land
and work toward their own healing. The youths find comfort in both their
relationships with one another and in cultivating new life together, and carry
hope that the others in the refugee community will see that they have the power
to change, to do good, and will one day accept them again into the community.</div>
<div class="Body">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">References:</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Lederach, John Paul, and Lederach, Angela Jill. (2010). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">When Blood and Bones Cry Out: Journeys through
the Soundscape of Healing And Trauma</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</div>
Stephanie Westlund, PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00153564103959010801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340848682884652118.post-78134736580997019882013-11-15T16:52:00.001-07:002013-11-15T16:52:36.212-07:00Human Relationships with Other Animals<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbq5iPD-vIfqjOpAKcaEFi90WBgrdexlTeRCUhqkVZCe8bQO5Jl87SCqjp8PiJf6L7cxuqb6NHreucmAE3mU-xZp0waGYr_PgCffazg8GAzIaYlpdAVW3lUm8s2kOytDufY3i6-PpYrdQq/s1600/steph+++casey.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbq5iPD-vIfqjOpAKcaEFi90WBgrdexlTeRCUhqkVZCe8bQO5Jl87SCqjp8PiJf6L7cxuqb6NHreucmAE3mU-xZp0waGYr_PgCffazg8GAzIaYlpdAVW3lUm8s2kOytDufY3i6-PpYrdQq/s320/steph+++casey.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Having a visit with my parents' dog, Casey</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
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In recent years, quite a few studies have looked at human
relationships with other animals, ranging from animals as
companions to their effects on blood pressure, stress, and minor health
problems. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<br />
<h4>
</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For example, a 2009 study found that compared to a control group,
patients with acute depression who spent just thirty minutes with a dog experienced
a significant reduction in levels of anxiety. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h4 class="MsoNormal">
Dog Owners More Likely to Be Alive One Year after a Heart Attack</h4>
A 1995 study published in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">American
Journal of Cardiology</i> examined the effects of pet ownership and social
support on patients’ one-year survival rates after a heart attack. The
researchers discovered that heart-attack survivors who were also dog-owners
were much less likely to die within one year than those without a dog. Interestingly,
being a cat owner did not offer the same protection.<br />
<br />
The study also demonstrated
that patients who had more social support were more likely to be alive after
one year. The researchers suggest that both dogs and social support provide
buffers against stress.<br />
<br />
<h4 class="MsoNormal">
Caring for Other Animals </h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Some studies have also found that pets reduce feelings of loneliness
and social isolation.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In my research and conversations with veterans, I’ve learned
numerous stories about how a veteran’s a dog has supported him or her through the darkest hours. Animals keep post-traumatic stress survivors focused on the present
moment, and provide a reason to get up in the morning—a dog, for example, needs
to be fed and taken for a walk.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The act of caring for other animals can help to bring us out of ourselves
and become more open to the world around us. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">References </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Erika Friedmann and Sue A. Thomas, “Pet Ownership, Social
Support, and One-year Survival after Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Cardiac
Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST),” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
American Journal of Cardiology</i> 76 (1995): 1213-1217.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Andreas O. M. Hoffmann, Ah Hyung Lee, Florian Wertenauer,
Roland Ricken, Joanna J. Jansen, Juergen Gallinat, and Undine E. Lang,
“Dog-assisted Intervention Significantly Reduces Anxiety in Hospitalized
Patients with Major Depression,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">European
Journal of Integrative Medicine </i>1 (2009): 145-148.</div>
Stephanie Westlund, PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00153564103959010801noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340848682884652118.post-61511622873675239002013-09-19T10:17:00.001-06:002013-09-19T10:17:40.191-06:00Playing in the dirt makes you more intelligent<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSpmtqcqjiFOw3Eryn8uv9KeMgiim8mbNr1NtGMfoZZf7z7QZcLxV3aSqbdFJV_lUi7TofwsG5Q1Zhh8Kg81MzpUvsdg4xLtQ-rPxVh84UuOqHBbBT4Ud1odIFCeyVsY-HHIWa_-9sUuJY/s1600/P9015084.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSpmtqcqjiFOw3Eryn8uv9KeMgiim8mbNr1NtGMfoZZf7z7QZcLxV3aSqbdFJV_lUi7TofwsG5Q1Zhh8Kg81MzpUvsdg4xLtQ-rPxVh84UuOqHBbBT4Ud1odIFCeyVsY-HHIWa_-9sUuJY/s320/P9015084.JPG" width="320" /></a>Have you ever noticed how a walk outside seems to clear your
head?<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<br />
In my <a href="http://ourcommonnature.blogspot.ca/2013/08/natures-antidepressant-how-working-with.html" target="_blank">last post</a>, I shared the research about how a strain of
bacteria commonly found in soil, Mycobacterium
vaccae (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">M. vaccae</i> for short), triggers the release of serotonin, which helps
to regulate mood. <br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Serotonin’s role in learning and
cognition</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In addition to mood, many bodily processes are regulated
by serotonin<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">—</span>among them, aggression, appetite, sleep, respiration, and endocrine
function.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Serotonin also supports learning and cognition. Knowing
this, two researchers at The Sage Colleges, Dorothy Matthews and Susan Jenks, decided
to find out whether ingesting live <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">M.
vaccae</i> would decrease the stress response in mice, while at the same time
improving the mice's learning ability. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
And their research found this to be true!</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bacteria in the soil makes
us temporarily smarter and less anxious</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mice that ingested live <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">M.
vaccae</i> prior to and during Matthews and Jenks’ experiment were able to
navigate more quickly through a complex maze—almost <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">twice as fast</b> as the control group!—while also demonstrating fewer
anxiety-related behaviors. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">M. vaccae</i>
effects were temporary; Matthews and Jenks tested both groups of mice again
three weeks later (after none of the mice had ingested <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">M. vaccae</i> for three weeks), and there was no longer a difference in
their maze performance and anxiety levels. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgi7C4IEV8PsOIBH-mkR_ZXhW0qcOk1uh0f4R0nsfsBFkI4QKAtX2jCnFgUdyQT4TBxkkJG4uAsqOpQMUjs2MPcEVlQmY0mwInT69Je-eDTfh2GzALvLsl7SNBPo0nNm4ATYPBAFlofpvG/s1600/P9015092.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgi7C4IEV8PsOIBH-mkR_ZXhW0qcOk1uh0f4R0nsfsBFkI4QKAtX2jCnFgUdyQT4TBxkkJG4uAsqOpQMUjs2MPcEVlQmY0mwInT69Je-eDTfh2GzALvLsl7SNBPo0nNm4ATYPBAFlofpvG/s320/P9015092.JPG" width="320" /></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The bottom line</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The primary way that we take in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">M.
vaccae</i> is by ingesting or inhaling it while spending time outdoors. This
research suggests that continual interaction with natural environments brings
the most benefits. <br />
<br />
So turn off your computer and get outside. You might just start to feel a bit
smarter!</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">References</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dorothy M. Matthews, and Susan M. Jenks. (2013). Ingestion
of Mycobacterium vaccae decreases anxiety-related behavior and improves
learning in mice. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Behavioural Processes</i>
96, 27–35.</div>
Stephanie Westlund, PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00153564103959010801noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340848682884652118.post-67218309097683026352013-08-27T14:38:00.000-06:002013-08-27T15:21:00.592-06:00Nature’s Antidepressant – How working with the soil might boost your spirits<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNpg_4yop2wlEgD-szSfFb15juM-LTWB-N2eUfh37Hw8Z45gzFxTiftKSiPJA2PKQlSxk_uhn9QEpqgzrzGqsLb7HyloDM-DlCkkERvM-qoT_SMAzRZdnZqIMrrN07Wu9-MpgcdldYUMh9/s1600/Soil+in+hand.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNpg_4yop2wlEgD-szSfFb15juM-LTWB-N2eUfh37Hw8Z45gzFxTiftKSiPJA2PKQlSxk_uhn9QEpqgzrzGqsLb7HyloDM-DlCkkERvM-qoT_SMAzRZdnZqIMrrN07Wu9-MpgcdldYUMh9/s320/Soil+in+hand.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Have you been looking for an excuse to get your hands dirty? If so, here it is!</div>
<br />
In
2002, Graham Rook and Laura Brunet published an article called “Give us
this day our daily germs,” in which they argued that our modern-day
lifestyles
in wealthy countries, including both hygiene and antibiotics, have
reduced our exposure
to organisms, such as mycobacteria, that live in soil and water.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This
reduced
exposure, they suggest, is improperly activating our immune systems,
resulting
in higher rates of allergies and disease. And in the past ten years,
many researchers have become interested in the ways that the human
immune system is triggered by the
world outside our bodies.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Bacteria improves quality of life in cancer patients</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Of particular importance are some of the studies examining the
effects of <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt;">Mycobacterium vaccae (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">M. vaccae</i>)—</span>a strain of bacteria commonly
found in soil<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt;">. For example, </span>while
testing the effects of heat-killed <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt;">M. vaccae</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt;"> on lung cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, oncologists made an unexpected
discovery: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt;">The bacteria did not seem to affect patients’ survival rates, but patients
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">did</i> report an improved quality of
life, including better cognitive function and a sense of vitality, as well as some
relief of both the chemotherapy-related treatment symptoms and cancer symptoms.</span><b> </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Bacteria in soil triggers release of serotonin</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt;">Serotonin is
vital to nearly all of our physical and behavioral processes, including mood
regulation, and many common antidepressant drugs are
designed to affect serotonin levels.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt;">Neuroscientists at
the University of Bristol decided to investigate the oncologists' findings further, and discovered
that heat-killed <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">M. vaccae</i> altered emotional
behavior in mice. Specifically, the bacteria produced antidepressant-like
effects by triggering neurons in the brain to produce serotonin. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt;">Chris Lowry, lead author of the University
of Bristol study, in his conversations with <a href="http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/66840.php" target="_blank">the media</a>, noted that such studies
are leading to a better understanding of the connections between healthy immune
systems and mental health. “They also leave us wondering if we shouldn’t all be
spending more time playing in the dirt,” he also said.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmZ8NKpE9RmtzOfS4dpbNBqvJL1l2i8RzI-deW79NBmQSOFURiiX8pUZboGlj-dFzo-tzWcpf2asKy9D3fLc9O6FPg_HDkvZl9JMujaZHQ8CS8hoNJKeY0Wpif3oK4K4QoMzLnbkv2IG_p/s1600/picking+carrots.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmZ8NKpE9RmtzOfS4dpbNBqvJL1l2i8RzI-deW79NBmQSOFURiiX8pUZboGlj-dFzo-tzWcpf2asKy9D3fLc9O6FPg_HDkvZl9JMujaZHQ8CS8hoNJKeY0Wpif3oK4K4QoMzLnbkv2IG_p/s320/picking+carrots.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt;">Which leads me to
ask:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt;">H</span>ave you had your dose of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">M.
vaccae</i> today? </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Stay tuned for my next post about how regular contact with <i>M. vaccae </i>might
also make you smarter...</div>
<div class="Body">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">References</b></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
Lowry,
C.A. et al. (2007). <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Identification of an
Immune-Responsive Mesolimbocortical Serotonergic System: Potential Role in
Regulation of Emotional Behavior</span>. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Neuroscience</i>
146, 756-772.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Medical News Today. (2007, April 2) Soil Bacteria Work in
Similar Way to Antidepressants. <a href="http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/66840.php">http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/66840.php</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
O’Brien,
M.E., et al.<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;"> (2004). </span>SRL172 (killed Mycobacterium vaccae) in addition to
standard chemotherapy improves quality of life without affecting survival, in
patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: phase III results.<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annals of Oncology</i> 15(6), 906-914.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Rook, Graham and Brunet, Laura. (2002). Give us this day our daily germs. <i>Biologist </i>49(4), 145-149. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span>Stephanie Westlund, PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00153564103959010801noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340848682884652118.post-17672583843240085872013-08-12T21:55:00.001-06:002013-08-12T21:55:32.255-06:00Military Veterans and the Outdoors<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-CA</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrpmHpBxX1WX0b9mVAVwrOmy_ExIzCt60l0AFjqIhFALDUaKExbXA42hSJTM2-tW5KrpmrrA3EEB8I7cjNyFLpaIxJ9wUxHIWdi3150zGW1bcxF_LBQE6OP1VLrhyphenhyphenG_xDrEBkDg9fitF7m/s1600/D+&+J+canoeing+3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrpmHpBxX1WX0b9mVAVwrOmy_ExIzCt60l0AFjqIhFALDUaKExbXA42hSJTM2-tW5KrpmrrA3EEB8I7cjNyFLpaIxJ9wUxHIWdi3150zGW1bcxF_LBQE6OP1VLrhyphenhyphenG_xDrEBkDg9fitF7m/s320/D+&+J+canoeing+3.JPG" width="320" /></a>A few weeks ago, I was excited to learn about <a href="http://www.sierraclub.org/military/downloads/Michigan-Final-Research-Report.pdf" target="_blank">a new study</a> involving military veterans and the outdoors, conducted by researchers Jason Duvall and Rachel Kaplan at the University of Michigan’s <span style="font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">School of Natural Resources and Environment</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. </i></div>
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The results? Veterans who participated in outdoor programs—specifically multi-day camping and hiking trips—reported an improved sense of mental wellbeing, as well as feeling less socially isolated. (In the interest of full disclosure, the study was funded by the Sierra Club, which runs the <a href="http://www.sierraclub.org/military/" target="_blank">Military Family and Veterans Initiative</a>, an outdoor program for veterans and their families.)</div>
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I was not surprised by the results—they align with what I hear every day from the veterans I talk to: that being in nature—whether it’s camping, hiking, biking, canoeing, fishing, farming and gardening, or spending time with animals such as horses and dogs—is helping them to manage their post-traumatic symptoms, and to feel more connected to their communities and life in general. And in many ways, the study’s results parallel the other research I’ve been writing about in this blog.</div>
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But a common problem I hear from veterans is that despite their anecdotal reports, there’s very little funding available for these types of activities. And why is there no funding? Because according to the funders (not the veterans), there’s no <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">proof</i> that these activities work(!).</div>
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So that’s why this study is exciting. It focuses specifically on veterans, and provides the numbers and proof that funders require. In fact, the reason the Sierra Club sponsored this research was to study whether their Military Family and Veterans Initiative and similar programs were benefiting veterans. From the anecdotal stories of veteran participants, the Sierra Club knew that their programs were important, but hoped that quantitative analysis and results would further support their work. <br />
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Most interesting? Many of the veterans continued to experience an improved sense of wellbeing a month after their excursion, and those who were suffering the most seemed to report the most improvement. The researchers acknowledge that more studies are necessary, but this one, at least, is a start.<br />
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<b>References:</b><br />
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<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Duvall, Jason and Rachel
Kaplan. (2013). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Exploring the Benefits of
Outdoor Experiences on Veterans: Report prepared for the Sierra Club Military
Families and Veterans Initiative.</i> Retrieved from:</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.sierraclub.org/military/downloads/Michigan-Final-Research-Report.pdf"><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">http://www.sierraclub.org/military/downloads/Michigan-Final-Research-Report.pdf</span></a></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">U-M study of veterans finds links between
outdoor activities, improved mental health</span></i><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">. Retrieved from:</span></div>
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<a href="http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/21605-u-m-study-of-veterans-finds-links-between-outdoor-activities-improved-mental-health"><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/21605-u-m-study-of-veterans-finds-links-between-outdoor-activities-improved-mental-health</span></a></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">U<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">-M, Sierra Club to study links
between outdoor experience, veterans’ mental health</i>. Retrieved from:</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.snre.umich.edu/news/01-30-2012/um_sierra_club_to_study_links_between_outdoor_experience_veterans_mental_health">http://www.snre.umich.edu/news/01-30-2012/um_sierra_club_to_study_links_between_outdoor_experience_veterans_mental_health</a></div>
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Stephanie Westlund, PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00153564103959010801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340848682884652118.post-54443691721033293872013-06-24T14:23:00.000-06:002013-06-24T14:23:08.782-06:00Exciting News - Book due out next spring!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH6LCFjTFEFVOENFRGb20LTia4WW2Jfz1uZMd8tFaAMhbqS3GppJDEfTxwCs-RdpYmVnFx5DZmnI4Q3qsFuvWrVIFHrYr0fipSA3GIs5ZCEAJhlbgnzYz4IWm0BrYvFowv6ryOuJbmnLZl/s1600/View+and+Rockies+8.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH6LCFjTFEFVOENFRGb20LTia4WW2Jfz1uZMd8tFaAMhbqS3GppJDEfTxwCs-RdpYmVnFx5DZmnI4Q3qsFuvWrVIFHrYr0fipSA3GIs5ZCEAJhlbgnzYz4IWm0BrYvFowv6ryOuJbmnLZl/s400/View+and+Rockies+8.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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I have not updated this blog recently due to health issues and general busy-ness, but I hope to start posting again next month. <br /><br />In the meantime, some exciting news:<br /><br />My book, <i>Field Exercises: How Veterans Are Healing Themselves through Farming and Outdoor Activities</i>, is due out in next spring (2014) with New Society Publishers. This book tells the stories of<span lang="EN-US"> North American military veterans who are relieving their stress and trauma, creating community, and
finding ways to reintegrate into civilian life through small-scale organic farming and other outdoor activities, such as canoeing and hiking.</span><br />
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Stephanie Westlund, PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00153564103959010801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340848682884652118.post-9950943550239781452013-02-04T07:46:00.000-07:002013-02-04T07:46:53.584-07:00Nature and Restoration<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3F0RNqyICRk_VXBfnlgRRdNOD1kPF3ESoNB0izaweUFBKfttOmrz9ufkkP8ysd78GgP_B0m2Dr_Ymr_5ZhHvrGwKoVOlFCa_u6-BMMQvpEj58GLx8cdOF976BVxmJC5Nf22h4e_TvCDk7/s1600/P4220058.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3F0RNqyICRk_VXBfnlgRRdNOD1kPF3ESoNB0izaweUFBKfttOmrz9ufkkP8ysd78GgP_B0m2Dr_Ymr_5ZhHvrGwKoVOlFCa_u6-BMMQvpEj58GLx8cdOF976BVxmJC5Nf22h4e_TvCDk7/s320/P4220058.JPG" width="320" /></a>Over the past few months, I’ve been writing about the
different ways that nature affects human health, from <a href="http://ourcommonnature.blogspot.ca/2012/12/blood-pressure-and-nature-walks.html" target="_blank">lowering blood pressure</a> and <a href="http://ourcommonnature.blogspot.ca/2013/01/the-mental-fatigueaggressionnature.html" target="_blank">decreasing aggression</a>, to <a href="http://ourcommonnature.blogspot.ca/2012/12/healing-gardens.html" target="_blank">healing trauma </a>and helping us <a href="http://ourcommonnature.blogspot.ca/2012/11/why-isnt-every-schoolyard-green.html" target="_blank">think more creatively, and act more cooperatively and respectfully towards others</a>. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Why does nature affect us in these ways? </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One interesting theory is that nature
requires a different type of attention than human-built environments, leading
it to play a restorative function for human attention.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Slow Rates of Biological
Evolution</b>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Researchers who support the restoration hypothesis propose
that the importance of nature in human life stems from the fact that our human
brains co-evolved with other creatures and with rivers, rocks, winds, skies,
mountains, trees, and plants. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
And while over the years humanity has experienced high rates
of cultural and technological change, the rate of biological evolution has been
quite slow, leading human nervous systems today to be virtually the same as
those of our long-ago ancestors. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In fact, the role of nature in renewing humans’ ability to
concentrate is considered by many scientists to be an evolutionary adaptation.
The type of constant, linear attention to a specific task required within urban
lifestyles and jobs increasingly over the last 100 years would have been
dangerous, even <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">deadly</i>, for our
ancestors, since they could have been easily surprised by predators. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Instead of focusing for a long time on one thing in particular,
our ancestors needed to be constantly aware of their surroundings and to
frequently shift their awareness. Stephen Kaplan argues that natural settings require a
reduced amount of energy and effort compared with urban, or what some might
consider to be more ‘civilized’ settings, even if the latter settings are more
familiar to many of us today. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Specifically, the human body is thought to
respond <i>instinctively </i>to nature in a way that it cannot to the built
environment. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPArrQbCI89R1Mto4JJQTq1JVilT1OPz17zI3H3dEfZcMt3-f-YiqyCUqYcOaFHzUsWVrAvfI4McB63u8L-TNaWkcyDFFnsprZBAS3sPR-jk6MAgeMLZhYn9zsQPH8Fp8VS2qsUtoU5Ogj/s1600/P4200015.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPArrQbCI89R1Mto4JJQTq1JVilT1OPz17zI3H3dEfZcMt3-f-YiqyCUqYcOaFHzUsWVrAvfI4McB63u8L-TNaWkcyDFFnsprZBAS3sPR-jk6MAgeMLZhYn9zsQPH8Fp8VS2qsUtoU5Ogj/s320/P4200015.JPG" width="320" /></a><b>The bottom line</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I don't fully buy the restoration hypothesis as <i>the</i> <i>answer </i>to the 'why' question - I suspect there is more going on than just restoration (remember<i>,</i> for example, how plants have <a href="http://ourcommonnature.blogspot.ca/2012/11/getting-high-legally-in-forest.html" target="_blank">biomedical properties </a>that are affecting us every time we step outside, whether we realize it or not). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But no matter! Just get outside today, away from the buildings and constant demands that surround you, and let those instincts take over. And then do it all over again tomorrow.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>References</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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</div>
<div class="ReferenceList">
Kaplan, Rachel. (2001). The nature of the view from
home: Psychological benefits. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Environment
and Behavior, 33</i>(4), 507-542.</div>
<div class="ReferenceList">
<br /></div>
<div class="ReferenceList">
Kaplan, Stephen. (1995). The restorative benefits of
nature: Toward an integrative framework. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Journal
of Environmental Psychology, 15</i>(3), 169-182.</div>
<br />Stephanie Westlund, PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00153564103959010801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340848682884652118.post-67803811153571701462013-01-21T21:42:00.001-07:002013-01-21T21:42:58.893-07:00The Mental Fatigue/Aggression/Nature Connection<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMppNl3F7gA20SI0cHbsCCA4SqXtQY3nK3GOCQXpo0J-7lHlQi1n5ZfpAJhoHIGQbWLoiQ-F9Ud_qaNyCdKnccbgEn1QrClcfMFBKnHQF9JABWM3gkLLu9SbPQMzYsMmDn9vas7WJ6Pp55/s1600/Nose+hill+1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMppNl3F7gA20SI0cHbsCCA4SqXtQY3nK3GOCQXpo0J-7lHlQi1n5ZfpAJhoHIGQbWLoiQ-F9Ud_qaNyCdKnccbgEn1QrClcfMFBKnHQF9JABWM3gkLLu9SbPQMzYsMmDn9vas7WJ6Pp55/s320/Nose+hill+1.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
Some studies that speak to the unity of humans and
nature focus on issues of aggression and violence. And in my mind, those that are particularly important are the ones that suggest that anger and aggression decrease when
we spend time in nature (see my post about <a href="http://ourcommonnature.blogspot.ca/2012/12/blood-pressure-and-nature-walks.html" target="_blank">blood pressure and nature walks</a>).<br />
<br />
For example, some researchers bring attention to links
between increased human aggression and violence with noise, crowding, and high
temperatures.
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
And Stephen Kaplan found that people whose directed
attention is fatigued become irritable and often seek to be alone. (Kaplan, along with some other researchers, believes that nature requires a different type of attention than
human-built environments, leading it to play a restorative function for human
attention.)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Study in inner-city
Chicago</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One study found a connection between a lack of exposure to
natural settings and aggression/violence amongst inner-city Chicago residents living in poverty.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A hallmark of many impoverished, inner-city neighbourhoods in
North America is that they tend not to have as many parks and green spaces as
richer neighbourhoods. And the thing about green spaces, even in cities, is that they
can help to reduce mental fatigue (see my post about how even <a href="http://ourcommonnature.blogspot.ca/2012/12/a-view-of-ones-own.html" target="_blank">window views of nature </a>can help).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The researchers, Frances Kuo and William Sullivan, believe that the ongoing stress associated with poverty and the pervasive risks of
crime and unpredictable violence for those living in poverty-stricken
neighbourhoods contribute to heightened levels of mental fatigue, since
residents are constantly on guard for signs of trouble.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKUwsBFVG4u_yjfBi0mpYgwR41_lLL9ECNe2XNiY9nAQW8GQTt44cH_RNRDIaqIxwhyphenhyphen7q8MbKrB4yteoHzoHSC_aLd1tX0Ha3wqK5Ks4UEM3UOIWNoikNZAARZRRwKlcgVlXm8XzUpjKOA/s1600/P4220058.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKUwsBFVG4u_yjfBi0mpYgwR41_lLL9ECNe2XNiY9nAQW8GQTt44cH_RNRDIaqIxwhyphenhyphen7q8MbKrB4yteoHzoHSC_aLd1tX0Ha3wqK5Ks4UEM3UOIWNoikNZAARZRRwKlcgVlXm8XzUpjKOA/s320/P4220058.JPG" width="320" /></a>They worked with residents living in several public
housing apartments. The living spaces themselves were similar, but some had access
to trees and grass immediately outside their building
while others opened onto barren lands or concrete.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
And Kuo and Sullivan found <i>significantly </i>lower levels of
intrafamily violence when
those families had access to trees and grass outside their apartment building!</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 289.9pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 289.9pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The bottom line</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The researchers warn against over-generalizing their
research and urge caution in extrapolating their results to other
settings. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
However, I can’t help but draw parallels between people
living in poverty in inner-city neighbourhoods and soldiers’ experiences during
combat, since soldiers are also under constant stress, vigilant for signs of
danger and/or situations of concern, and also often lack access to restorative settings.
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Other parallels that come to mind are refugee camps and other
communities affected by violence, where people are constantly stressed by their
life situation.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
And if something that seems so minor – a few trees and grass
outside a building – makes a significant difference in decreasing levels of violence,
we need to pay more attention to this! Remember, too, the ways
that when children play together in green play spaces, they are more creative,
cooperative, and collaborative (<a href="http://ourcommonnature.blogspot.ca/2012/11/why-isnt-every-schoolyard-green.html" target="_blank">Why isn’t every schoolyard green?</a>).
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I’m not saying that access to nature is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the</i> solution to all problems of violence in our world, but for now, it seems
like a start... </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">References:</b></div>
<div class="ReferenceList">
Hartig, Terry. (2003). Guest editors’ introduction: Restorative
environments. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Journal of Environmental
Psychology,</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">23</i>, 103-107.</div>
<div class="ReferenceList">
<br /></div>
<div class="ReferenceList">
Kaplan, Stephen. (1995). The restorative benefits of
nature: Toward an integrative framework. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Journal
of Environmental Psychology, 15</i>(3), 169-182.</div>
<div class="ReferenceList">
<br /></div>
<div class="ReferenceList">
Kuo, Frances E. and Sullivan, William C. (2001). <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Aggression and violence in the inner city: Effects
of environment via mental fatigue.</span> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Environment
and Behavior,</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">33</i>, 543-571.</div>
Stephanie Westlund, PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00153564103959010801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340848682884652118.post-91849296072441772372013-01-14T08:16:00.001-07:002013-01-14T08:16:12.451-07:00Gardens Make Scents!<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEb9kjK3mjBIzeTzONpt7gBhl4Tp790wQE9PnPoM2UHMekJ6ZiYgOujOxeRy1JPbUhSVX2lieSsOkTqdhgdMWJ_w_QP3JUOdaY0H7jMsyQEXgobKLqLfJgjBzuWyoQyazEe35ih_Zu4K8k/s1600/P6180045.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEb9kjK3mjBIzeTzONpt7gBhl4Tp790wQE9PnPoM2UHMekJ6ZiYgOujOxeRy1JPbUhSVX2lieSsOkTqdhgdMWJ_w_QP3JUOdaY0H7jMsyQEXgobKLqLfJgjBzuWyoQyazEe35ih_Zu4K8k/s320/P6180045.JPG" width="240" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Interacting with plants
is a powerful method for re-awakening and stimulating our senses, through
fragrance, colour, texture, taste, and sound</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, says horticulture
therapist Elizabeth Messer Diehl. </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">This is something I've been watching as my son grows and interacts with our home garden. </span></span>At first, he was
interested only in digging in the soil, </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">perhaps </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">feeling the plants' leaves, or bending over to smell a flower. </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">By about 18 months, he also began to make connections between the zucchinis,
pumpkins, and snap peas growing in our garden and the food he ate. He would
climb into the raised bed to pick the few end-of-season peas, which he would
then bring to me or my husband (or grandma) for help with eating. And this past summer, the first thing he'd offer to visiting playmates was a bite of dill. </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Actually, I'm pretty sure that every plant in my garden had a bite or two taken out of it! </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">But now for more on the research<b>...</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>The power of scent </b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Landscape designer </span>C. Colston Burrell suggests that scent is perhaps the
most powerful aspect in a garden. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">While fragrances’ effects on
human beings are not fully understood, they are known to have psychological,
physiological, and neurological benefits, and even to change hormone production
and brain chemistry (recall my previous post about <a href="http://ourcommonnature.blogspot.ca/2012/11/getting-high-legally-in-forest.html" target="_blank">getting high in the forest</a>!). In fact, this is the premise behind aromatherapy as part of
alternative or complimentary medicine practices. </span></span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2P1ZkiVY5WxxGEdK7WeYHEghjPlTrWuGvwe3D-nkUG5qLvwBf8Ju5SD_YIE9n1BpXVMTBAsROCqK48WMQMJGRprwb_EWZjD6lkANu8r3tdXxtzpypfWgXLUH4XvAUgKBTpyH1zYnub5rN/s1600/P6180044.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2P1ZkiVY5WxxGEdK7WeYHEghjPlTrWuGvwe3D-nkUG5qLvwBf8Ju5SD_YIE9n1BpXVMTBAsROCqK48WMQMJGRprwb_EWZjD6lkANu8r3tdXxtzpypfWgXLUH4XvAUgKBTpyH1zYnub5rN/s320/P6180044.JPG" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Some scientists believe that the capacity of fragrances to affect us derives
from the way that our nasal passage is directly connected to our brain’s centre for
emotions and memory. Even at undetectable levels, odours have
been found to influence the central nervous system. </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">In their research on cut
flower arrangements and lavender fragrance, for example, Liu, Kim and Mattson found that sight and smell played important roles in reducing
stress and producing positive emotional responses in college students</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">In addition, Elizabeth Messer Diehl reflects on the power of particular scents to “</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">stimulate bodily organs to release
neurochemicals that help eliminate pain, induce sleep, and create a sense of
well-being” (p. 170). </span>Remember, too, my post about how <a href="http://ourcommonnature.blogspot.ca/2012/12/healing-gardens.html" target="_blank">healing gardens </a>are helping victim of torture and their caregivers.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>The bottom line</b></span></span><br />
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<![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The
ways that a garden can completely engage our human experience has
physical, emotional, and cognitive benefits. </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">As we embrace this experience in the garden, it becomes possible to connect even more deeply to our surrounding -- thus further enhancing and bringing forth the healing properties of
nature in our lives.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="ReferenceList">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>References</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="ReferenceList">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Burrell, C. Colston. (2000). Plants with power: The good
scents and benefits of using plants. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Landscape
Architecture, 90</i>(1), 18-19.</span></div>
<div class="ReferenceList">
<br /></div>
<div class="ReferenceList">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Liu, Mingwang, Kim, Eunhee, and Mattson, Richard.
(2003). Physiological and emotional influences of cut flower arrangements and
lavender fragrance on university students. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Journal
of Therapeutic Horticulture, 14</i>, 18-27.</span></div>
<div class="ReferenceList">
<br /></div>
<div class="ReferenceList">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Messer Diehl, Elizabeth R. (2009). Gardens that heal. In
L. Buzzell and C. Chalquist (Eds). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ecotherapy:
Healing with nature in mind</i> (pp. 166-173). San Francisco: Sierra Club
Books.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span><br />Stephanie Westlund, PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00153564103959010801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340848682884652118.post-32038471017910226012013-01-03T21:53:00.000-07:002013-01-03T21:53:40.604-07:00Wilderness Therapy<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="body">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Throughout the
twentieth century there have been anecdotal accounts of the benefits of
‘camping therapy’ in North America. Indeed, wilderness therapy is gaining increased
attention as an approach that involves a combination of cognitive therapy
and/or humanistic therapy approaches within a nature setting (i.e., typically
far away from urban contexts).</span></div>
<div class="body">
<br /></div>
<div class="body">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Towards the end of
the twentieth century, there were more than 700 wilderness experience programs
in the United States alone and those programs specifically designed as
wilderness therapeutic interventions numbered somewhere from 60-100. </span></div>
<div class="body">
<br /></div>
<div class="body">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><b>Overall
findings</b></span></div>
<div class="body">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The major studies
in wilderness therapy tend to report improved self-esteem and personal
development as well as interpersonal development and enhanced social skills.
Many wilderness therapy programs have concentrated on treating adolescents
living in psychiatric environments as well as those with emotional and/or
substance abuse problems. These programs report significant increases in participants’
self-esteem as well as improvements in delinquent behaviour. </span></div>
<div class="body">
<br /></div>
<div class="body">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Does the length
of time matter?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div>
<div class="body">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">In ecopsychologist
Robert Greenway’s twenty-two years of running a wilderness therapy training
program at Sonoma State University, he has become a deep believer in the power
of nature to facilitate changed psychological processes. In his experience, a
wilderness encounter needs to last ten or more days in order to promote
meaningful and lasting change. </span></div>
<div class="body">
<br /></div>
<div class="body">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTse1sM6UEbYTXDZE6d0zPLGLy_Yw8CUF2idWTXZy0s0U-xWmps3vPgrw2zijHWvXd3LtP_G2mqhx7J0lGIm_E-PZfp6QcqMhza6mi9mNmnFW95BIyatg4ASoyTK20myTLo3M6Ub_yOC43/s1600/P8060027.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTse1sM6UEbYTXDZE6d0zPLGLy_Yw8CUF2idWTXZy0s0U-xWmps3vPgrw2zijHWvXd3LtP_G2mqhx7J0lGIm_E-PZfp6QcqMhza6mi9mNmnFW95BIyatg4ASoyTK20myTLo3M6Ub_yOC43/s320/P8060027.JPG" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">However, other
researchers suggest that even experiences of a shorter duration are worthwhile.
David Cole and Troy Hall recently conducted a study to examine whether the
amount of time spent in a wilderness environment was important to individuals’
experience of restoration as well as whether the number of people encountered
along a trail affected hikers’ experiences. They found that no matter the trail
congestion or the length of time, most participants reported feeling reduced
stress as well as mentally refreshed. And they conclude that the restorative
effects of spending time in nature can occur in a relatively short amount of
time, and whether one is alone or in the company of others.</span></div>
<div class="body">
<br /></div>
<div class="referencelist">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">References</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></div>
<div class="referencelist">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Cole,
David N. and Hall, Troy E. (2010). <span class="cit-first-element">Experie</span><span class="search-result-highlight">n</span><span class="cit-first-element">ci</span><span class="search-result-highlight">n</span><span class="cit-first-element">g the
restorative compo</span><span class="search-result-highlight">n</span><span class="cit-first-element">e</span><span class="search-result-highlight">n</span><span class="cit-first-element">ts of wilder</span><span class="search-result-highlight">n</span><span class="cit-first-element">ess e</span><span class="search-result-highlight">n</span><span class="cit-first-element">viro</span><span class="search-result-highlight">n</span><span class="cit-first-element">me</span><span class="search-result-highlight">n</span><span class="cit-first-element">ts: does co</span><span class="search-result-highlight">n</span><span class="cit-first-element">gestio</span><span class="search-result-highlight">n</span><span class="cit-first-element"> i</span><span class="search-result-highlight">n</span><span class="cit-first-element">terfere a</span><span class="search-result-highlight">n</span><span class="cit-first-element">d does le</span><span class="search-result-highlight">n</span><span class="cit-first-element">gth of exposure matter? </span><i>Environment and
Behavior, 42</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(6), 806-823.</span></span></div>
<div class="referencelist">
<br /></div>
<div class="referencelist">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><i> </i></span></span></div>
<div class="referencelist">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Davis-Berman,
Jennifer and Berman, Dene S. (1989). The wilderness therapy program: An
empirical study of its effects with adolescents in an outpatient setting. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy</i>
19(4), 271-281.</span></div>
<div class="referencelist">
<br /></div>
<div class="referencelist">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Greenway,
Robert. (2009). The wilderness experience as therapy: We’ve been here before.
In L. Buzzell and C. Chalquist (Eds). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ecotherapy:
Healing with nature in mind</i> (pp. 132-139). San Francisco: Sierra Club
Books.</span></div>
<div class="referencelist">
<br /></div>
<div class="referencelist">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Russell,
Keith C. (2006). Brat camp, boot camp, or ........? Exploring wilderness
therapy program theory. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Journal of
Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning,</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">6</i>(1), 51-67.</span></div>
<div class="referencelist">
<br /></div>
<div class="referencelist">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Russell,
Keith C., and Farnum, Jen. (2007). A concurrent model of the wilderness therapy
process. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Journal of Adventure Education
& Outdoor Learning,</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">4</i>(1),
39-55.</span></div>
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<![endif]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">In the Middle Ages, gardens were deemed to be an
important facet of human healing, particularly in monastery settings. For
example, with its centrally-located water feature and its open view of the sky,
the traditional monastery cloister was designed to facilitate meditation for
both resident monks and patients. </span>
<br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">During the Victorian era, gardens were often found
in hospital settings. And beginning in the nineteenth century, French churches
advocated community gardens as a way to improve the circumstances of the
working poor. In the United States, the Quakers’ Friends Hospital in
Pennsylvania treated patients suffering from mental ill health with gardening
and walks in the surrounding lands. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">This focus on nature and healing, however, was lost
for much of the twentieth century, and only in the past few decades have
outdoor and nature-based therapies once again gained popularity. Some interesting and
important work is being done with victims of torture, and I’ll share two examples.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Healing
gardens for victims of torture</span></b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;"></span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">In Germany, the <a href="http://www.bzfo.de/work/services/garden.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Berlin Center for Torture Victims</span></a>
(Behandlungszentrum für Folteropfer Berlin) incorporates a garden project, the<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Intercultural Healing Garden</i>, as part
of its work with victims of torture and human rights violations from more than
50 countries. For many of the patients, gardening is meaningful work that
improves their health and well-being, and self-confidence. And as the Center
describes, many patients come from rural areas where gardening was a part of
their daily reality, and so work in the Intercultural Healing Garden helps to
reconnect them with some of the positive aspects of their former lives, despite living through horrific experiences of torture.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">The <a href="http://www.cvt.org/" target="_blank">Center for Victims of Torture in Minneapolis</a> similarly incorporates a garden. Clients, many of whom suffer from
post-traumatic distress, can wait for their appointments in the garden, and
many of the Center’s counselors also spend time there to help them cope with
the stress and anguish that come from hearing stories of pain and suffering
every day. <a href="http://www.utne.com/2006-03-01/TheHealingPowerofFlowers.aspx" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Sarah Wash</span></a> reports that
many of the Center’s staff have also taken up gardening at home. Further, since
trauma survivors often suffer from loneliness and isolation, the Center uses
gardening “to help people connect with one another and reestablish a sense of
trust” (¶6). </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">The Center’s garden designer Betty Ann Addison
beautifully tells Sarah Wash that: </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">“</span>Gardens are all about transition – whether it
be from illness to healing or from life to death. They change by the hour,
week, month, and year. They require us to relinquish control: A deep
appreciation of life emerges with each sprouting plant, even the weeds. And
simply by embracing natural rhythms, people from all walks of life, no matter
the nature of their past experiences, can learn to accept the inevitability of
loss and find hope in the promise of new life.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">”</span> (¶7)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">The
bottom line</span></b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">The word “meaningful” comes up often in my own research, and I also find it here in connection
with the work on healing gardens </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">–</span> particularly in the ways that gardening and connecting
with the earth, soil and plants provides meaningful connections with life in
the face of horrific and traumatizing experiences. And for me, it highlights the importance of reflecting on and finding meaningful work in all of our lives, in contrast with the sometimes mundane </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">–</span> and perhaps meaningless </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">–</span> tasks that many of us are asked to do. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">References:<br /></span></b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Berlin Center for Torture Victims (no date). <a href="http://www.bzfo.de/work/services/garden.html" target="_blank"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: blue;">Healing garden</span></i></a>.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Di Iacovo, Francesco, and O’Connor, Deirdre (Eds).
(2009). <a href="http://sofar.unipi.it/index_file/arsia_So.Far-EU_def.pdf" target="_blank"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Supporting policies for socialfarming in Europe: Progressing multifunctionality in responsive rural areas</i></a>.
Press Service srl, Sesto Fiorentino (FI). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Louv, Richard. (2008). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Last child in the woods: Saving our children from nature-deficit
disorder</i> (updated and expanded). Chapel Hill, N.C.: Algonquin Books of
Chapel Hill.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Messer Diehl, Elizabeth R. (2009). Gardens that
heal. In L. Buzzell and C. Chalquist (Eds). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ecotherapy:
Healing with nature in mind</i> (pp. 166-173). San Francisco: Sierra Club
Books.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Pretty, Jules. (2004). </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 28.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">How nature contributes to mental and physical
health.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Spirituality
and Health International,</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">5</i>(2),
68-78.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Wash, Sarah. (2006). <a href="http://www.utne.com/2006-03-01/TheHealingPowerofFlowers.aspx" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">The healing power of flowers:Torture
victims turn to gardens for hope.</span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Utne Magazine</i> (March/April). </span></div>
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<br /></div>
Stephanie Westlund, PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00153564103959010801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340848682884652118.post-75206009028122430952012-12-17T21:08:00.000-07:002012-12-17T21:11:29.234-07:00A View of One’s Own<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">A
question I'm asked fairly often is whether window views make a
difference to our well-being. And the answer is a resounding yes! </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7cNXl2GUETn96YTc3vSBqnfgEiz1J3ZHhi08kn4lItc-oMwP_KYINNTtfCSWv9iyJ96kF9nYBy5amcYN7SwFkOs35KQoweclLK-I0QxNUqTCiQEngX8dYhaoGV31ihYq4i_NbeT-0J1oE/s1600/PA260016.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7cNXl2GUETn96YTc3vSBqnfgEiz1J3ZHhi08kn4lItc-oMwP_KYINNTtfCSWv9iyJ96kF9nYBy5amcYN7SwFkOs35KQoweclLK-I0QxNUqTCiQEngX8dYhaoGV31ihYq4i_NbeT-0J1oE/s320/PA260016.JPG" width="240" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">When I first
started doing this research, my partner and I were living in a 400-square-foot
studio apartment in Manhattan. The space was cramped and we were considering a
move to a one-bedroom place in the same building. However, our studio faced onto a sunny park that bordered the Hudson River, while </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">all </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> the one-bedroom
apartments were on the other side of the building, with views of the
apartments across the street. Intuitively, despite our desire for a slightly
larger living space, we could not give up our view of the park. And when I read
all the research, I was glad that we didn’t!</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">And this past
spring, I was teaching a 3-hour university class in a room with no windows. It
was unbearable, and rather than staying in that room for the full class,
I took my students outside as much as possible, where we sat on the lawn,
surrounded by trees, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">feeling a light breeze and
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">the sun shining down on </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">on our skin</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">. In other classes, one might lose half the students after the break,
but whenever we went outside, almost all of them stayed. More importantly, they genuinely listened to and
focused on one another when they spent outside together. And they were happy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">If you read
my post about <a href="http://ourcommonnature.blogspot.ca/2012/12/blood-pressure-and-nature-walks.html" target="_blank">blood pressure and nature walks </a>a few weeks ago, you might
remember that in the first experiment, participants’ blood pressure increased when
they were put in a room with no windows. Here are a few other studies about
window views:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Hospital patients with a view of trees
recover more quickly </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nearly 30
years ago, in the prominent research journal <i>Science</i>, Roger Ulrich described his
discovery that compared to hospital patients whose windows looked onto a brick
wall, patients who had a view of trees from their hospital beds: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>had a shorter stay </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>required fewer medications</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>experienced fewer postsurgical
complications</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Prison inmates with a view of farm
fields use health services less often </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">A parallel
study by Ernest Moore found that prison inmates with a view of farm fields used
prison health care services less often than those who looked onto the inner
courtyard. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Employees are healthier and happier with a
nature view</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Rachel Kaplan
showed a similar pattern in workplace settings. Employees whose window
provides a view of trees or a park are sick less often as well as more
satisfied with their jobs compared to their peers without such a view. And Sjerp de Vries and colleagues point to other research about how even
pictures of nature can positively influence people’s moods and concentration!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The bottom line</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5mrTDd7QcYQaDhbc2lO8HSwu1dmTzyfeK6vcyDnOQNEJHOf6ZYtmyfpBzLHLefB9clwlCQpzLBU4e6hudCl5-CQxnalDAyJ89B3uH_a_OsAjyFGFmHFgV6Rn57vHHbkQcFdgLGpa-QzFO/s1600/PA260025.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5mrTDd7QcYQaDhbc2lO8HSwu1dmTzyfeK6vcyDnOQNEJHOf6ZYtmyfpBzLHLefB9clwlCQpzLBU4e6hudCl5-CQxnalDAyJ89B3uH_a_OsAjyFGFmHFgV6Rn57vHHbkQcFdgLGpa-QzFO/s320/PA260025.JPG" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">We should be
out of doors as much as possible, but our current economic system dictates that many of us spend much of our time working indoors, whether in school
classrooms, workplaces, or other institutional spaces. But window views
matter. A lot. We should not put up with school classrooms without windows (or
very small windows). We should not put up with offices without windows.
Universities, hospitals, prisons, and other institutional spaces need to
consider this research when designing their rooms. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">And in the
meantime, if you do find yourself (heaven forbid!) in one of these spaces,
bring nature in as much as possible – even if it’s just a few posters of trees,
flowers, mountains, or the desert, a jar of rocks, or some dried branches or
twigs. And then continue to push for a space with a window view. And go outside as much as
possible.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="ReferenceList">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">References:</span></b><br />
de Vries, S., Verheij, R. A., Groenewegen, P. P., and
Spreeuwenberg, P. (2003). Natural environments<span style="font-family: Symbol;">-</span>healthy
environments? An exploratory analysis of the relationship between greenspace
and health. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Environment and Planning A,
35</i>, 1717-1731.<br />
<br />
Kaplan, Rachel. (2001). The nature of the view from
home: Psychological benefits. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Environment
and Behavior, 33</i>(4), 507-542.<br />
<br />
Moore, E. O. (1981). A prison environment’s effect on
health care service demands. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Journal of
Environmental Systems, 11</i>, 17-34.<br />
<br />
Ulrich, Roger S. (1984). View through a window may
influence recovery from surgery. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Science,
224</i>(4647), 420-421.</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">
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<![endif]-->Stephanie Westlund, PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00153564103959010801noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340848682884652118.post-10171304455900318502012-12-14T13:49:00.000-07:002012-12-14T22:32:44.170-07:00Gardening and Aging<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQCcgUm7HTM987qHVdb9p9zPHIHdluE8p1Mx9GltKSzjXv6HYFJ2XhIznkHebNxEf_y75EoxH6KsZR0ORl0bnrdmSLuynpZ8VNEuWQ0rYOPo-z_IPO9qThprUe8grTAKqb1ILQJT2CEDCk/s1600/P5110075.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQCcgUm7HTM987qHVdb9p9zPHIHdluE8p1Mx9GltKSzjXv6HYFJ2XhIznkHebNxEf_y75EoxH6KsZR0ORl0bnrdmSLuynpZ8VNEuWQ0rYOPo-z_IPO9qThprUe8grTAKqb1ILQJT2CEDCk/s320/P5110075.JPG" width="320" /></a>When my grandmother first moved into an
assisted-living home, I was amazed by one of the other residents—a 98-year-old
woman who took care of all the gardening at the home. I couldn’t
imagine having the energy for all that work at nearly 100 years old!</div>
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It turns out that
her gardening may have not only have been important for her but probably helped all the residents.</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gardens for Nursing
Home Residents</b></div>
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A study with elderly nursing home residents showed positive
results for the residents who spent time in a garden setting. Compared to those
who only spent time indoors, the residents who spent time in the garden
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1) lower levels of anxiety</div>
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2) an increase in positive mood</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Measurements of the residents’ cortisol (a stress hormone)
levels confirmed these findings—the <i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cortisol
levels of garden participants were</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reduced
by</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">two and a half</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">times</b> </i>those of the study’s indoor
participants.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Alzheimer’s Patients with
Access to Gardens</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Another study followed patients with Alzheimer’s disease at
five different care facilities for two years. Two of the care facilities
provided patients with access to gardens, while at the other three, patients had
no access to nature settings. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Over the two years, violent assaults by Alzheimer’s patients
at the facilities with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">no access</i> to
gardens increased significantly (violence is a common occurrence amongst
Alzheimer’s patients because the disease causes a person’s cognitive processes to
deteriorate over time). </div>
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<br /></div>
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Meanwhile, at the two facilities <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">with</i> gardens, levels of violence amongst patients with Alzheimer’s
stayed the same or even decreased slightly when patients were given regular
access to the gardens.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Bottom Line</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSvI5tv2OsVu5FusciacmzxMp28_U2ME_aU_9Twjz30UClfNI9uuw5rp7pORmjlwjSKnhxzjEvK3jpYPRe_NRPytCl79NQTiQXRioaqgiA2LRR6tH9jRlHSoVGr9FlIm1BEfzfDlKolJuE/s1600/P5120091.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSvI5tv2OsVu5FusciacmzxMp28_U2ME_aU_9Twjz30UClfNI9uuw5rp7pORmjlwjSKnhxzjEvK3jpYPRe_NRPytCl79NQTiQXRioaqgiA2LRR6tH9jRlHSoVGr9FlIm1BEfzfDlKolJuE/s320/P5120091.JPG" width="320" /></a>There are deep connections between humans and nature. Well,
really, we <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">are</i> nature. But in today’s
world of technology and modern conveniences, it’s easy to forget this. Yet as
these studies are showing, connecting with the natural world
outside ourselves is deeply important to human cognitive development (see my
previous posts about <a href="http://ourcommonnature.blogspot.ca/2012/11/why-isnt-every-schoolyard-green.html" target="_blank">Green School Yards </a>and the <a href="http://ourcommonnature.blogspot.ca/2012/11/the-adhd-and-nature-connection.html" target="_blank">ADHD-nature connection</a>), as well as our continued
health and wellbeing—physical, emotional, spiritual—into old age. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Something to think about for sure! And perhaps bring into
practice if you can.</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>References</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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Mooney, P. and Nicell, P.L. (1992). The importance of
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management. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Health Care Management Forum,
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of Therapeutic Horticulture,</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">13</i>,
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Stephanie Westlund, PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00153564103959010801noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340848682884652118.post-54230036514527034312012-12-11T12:17:00.003-07:002012-12-11T12:17:57.106-07:00Green Care<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqcpj3YlNHOocxtbZUJWzhv1-Y5TQrdJJdxGqDyoaZVQWi1gj9TsrH4BexA7wPZ-wV-MYv7Esfzk8VrmK25u8Gi2GSAcDAXb1qLzrtMPft9ljWNJscEzYt_JM0YYuyt2B-sj4xydRGjSKM/s1600/P9160132.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqcpj3YlNHOocxtbZUJWzhv1-Y5TQrdJJdxGqDyoaZVQWi1gj9TsrH4BexA7wPZ-wV-MYv7Esfzk8VrmK25u8Gi2GSAcDAXb1qLzrtMPft9ljWNJscEzYt_JM0YYuyt2B-sj4xydRGjSKM/s320/P9160132.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
Have you ever wondered about an alternative to drugs or therapy? What
if your doctor could give you a prescription to work on a farm? <br />
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<br /></div>
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Well, if you live in Europe, <span style="color: black;">this
might be a reality for you. </span>Norway,<span style="color: black;"> the Netherlands, Italy, Germany, Austria, Belgium,
Slovenia, and the United Kingdom have </span>recently begun to include ‘green
care farms’ in their mental and social health
programs. </div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>How does it work? </b></div>
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<span style="color: black;">A doctor or psychiatrist can refer
a patient to work on a ‘care farm’ for a continuous period or as a weekly
activity. In some countries, social workers or occupational therapists may also
suggest that their clients seek out work on a care farm. Farmers are paid for
providing this service and also benefit from the added workers.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><b>Who gets a prescription?</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">At one time, the focus of green
care programs was on people struggling with psychiatric difficulties and those
with intellectual disabilities. However, green care has since grown to include
people suffering from addictions, burnout, and chronic unemployment, as well as
the elderly and young children.</span> And in some countries, it’s growing by
leaps and bounds. For example, in <span style="color: black;">the Netherlands, the
number of green care farms recently rose more than a thousand-fold, from 75
care farms in 1998 to more than 800 in 2008.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUDY0V45iM7XFGLisG-K1_UyDvEXZfx6W0Ffm1YSmRqbg5fyx3_cNyoOsPsEOVnPfo1ieCFj9x7GvMVi5WoVo7sPy9GOwZszgnNNMIp86rBMWfGgVoRmEDL3Os3z1ZWuWwGbuFv-XbRH4n/s1600/Prairie+Sunset+(from+car)+-+small.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUDY0V45iM7XFGLisG-K1_UyDvEXZfx6W0Ffm1YSmRqbg5fyx3_cNyoOsPsEOVnPfo1ieCFj9x7GvMVi5WoVo7sPy9GOwZszgnNNMIp86rBMWfGgVoRmEDL3Os3z1ZWuWwGbuFv-XbRH4n/s320/Prairie+Sunset+(from+car)+-+small.JPG" width="320" /></a><span style="color: black;"><b>What are the benefits?</b> </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Participants in these programs are
reporting great benefits, and many have expressed the importance of being involved in the entire
lifecycle of plants - from seeds to harvest. Working with nature becomes a
metaphor for their own struggles and journeys in life as they notice and
reflect on natural and seasonal cycles of life and death.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><b>The bottom line</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">While medication sometimes seems to be the easiest<b> </b>route (and in some cases is necessary), getting outside is being proven again and again to be important to human health, and therefore could at least enhance the effects of medication. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Many of the veterans I've talked to who are involved in organic farming are reporting that:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black;">1) working on a farm complements their prescribed medications and/or therapy, or</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black;">2) they don't need medication because working in the garden or on the farm is very effective in managing their symptoms related to post-traumatic distress, and</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black;">3) they've known other veterans who were able to come off their anti-anxiety meds and sleep aids after working on a farm for a while</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black;">We need to start pushing our medical professionals to become aware of this research, and to start looking at alternative avenues to supporting our health and well-being!</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black;">References</span></b></div>
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<div class="ReferenceList">
Di Iacovo, Francesco, and O’Connor, Deirdre (Eds).
(2009). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Supporting policies for social
farming in Europe: Progressing multifunctionality in responsive rural areas</i>.
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Elings, Marjolein and Hassink, Jan. (2008). Green care
farms, a safe community between illness or addiction and the wider society.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Therapeutic Communities,</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">29</i>(3), 310-322.</div>
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Hickey, Brendan. (2008). Lothlorien Community: A
holistic approach to recovery from mental health problems. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Therapeutic Communities,</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">29</i>(3),
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Hine, Rachel, Peacock, Jo, and Pretty, Jules. (2008).
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Mind (2007a). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ecotherapy:</i>
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<br />
Stephanie Westlund, PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00153564103959010801noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340848682884652118.post-35869000339749265652012-12-05T07:26:00.002-07:002012-12-05T07:26:29.192-07:00Blood Pressure ... and Nature Walks?<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgepePWl5-xKCnWsGUwbPZB2p4gcLfxtnna4egj1ygLq2zUGBsBihZf2bztXluFnHlQaiWbz3gQhatvwfipW0OaJb0faVdgk3Vuw8iuzRJ6erIGGnweC86mhdJ7LYTJEamshKxQOEKhL19q/s1600/P7280125.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgepePWl5-xKCnWsGUwbPZB2p4gcLfxtnna4egj1ygLq2zUGBsBihZf2bztXluFnHlQaiWbz3gQhatvwfipW0OaJb0faVdgk3Vuw8iuzRJ6erIGGnweC86mhdJ7LYTJEamshKxQOEKhL19q/s320/P7280125.JPG" width="320" /></a>Are you on blood pressure medication? Bet your doctor didn’t
tell you to take daily walks in the forest. She did probably tell you to lower your stress levels, but this conversation was most likely
focused on your work, perhaps how much you are working, and identifying other areas of stress in
your life. And maybe you <i>are </i>now taking daily walks outside, but down the busy street
during your lunch-time break. </div>
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Ever stop to wonder about the effects of an urban versus a
nature walk? How about how the view from your office window might affect your
blood pressure? Then you might be interested in two experiments by Terry Hartig’s
research team.</div>
<br />
<b>Experiment 1</b><br />
1) The
researchers tested participants while sitting either in a room with a view of trees
or a room with no window.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><br />
<br />
<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Results</span></i>: Blood pressure decreased
for the people in the room with the view, but increased for those in the room
with no window.<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<b>Experiment 2</b> <br />
2) They
took research participants walking, in either a nature reserve or a
medium-density housing development.
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i>Results</i></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">: </b>The participants who walked
in the nature reserve experienced a decrease in blood pressure and reported a
decline in feelings of anger and aggression, while those who walked in the
urban setting experienced an increase in all three areas (including blood
pressure).</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwHRjReP4uhITk5Y8_oy8l3or0_vVsr-ql3mHdbKpv8NikID_YsxuzA3vl1E8XP07U2LoBqQgIDz0Z9y4whogOt04TzKM0u7oLLe5o-YRnpRxd9c2C3wz3hR4RE2CAq0oNNSL1xFLZ5CRc/s1600/P7280124.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwHRjReP4uhITk5Y8_oy8l3or0_vVsr-ql3mHdbKpv8NikID_YsxuzA3vl1E8XP07U2LoBqQgIDz0Z9y4whogOt04TzKM0u7oLLe5o-YRnpRxd9c2C3wz3hR4RE2CAq0oNNSL1xFLZ5CRc/s200/P7280124.JPG" width="200" /></a> </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The bottom line</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Exercise is considered important for lowering your blood
pressure, and the associated stress emotions. However, you might want to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">where</i> you exercise. It might make a
world of difference!</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>References</b> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="ReferenceList">
Hartig, T., Evans, G. W., Jamner, L. D., Davis, D. S., and
Gärling, T. (2003). Tracking restoration in natural and urban field settings. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23</i>(2),
109-123.</div>
<br />
Stephanie Westlund, PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00153564103959010801noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340848682884652118.post-3847814103032218682012-12-03T11:17:00.002-07:002012-12-03T11:17:48.136-07:00Motherhood Musings<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Stephanie Westlund, PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00153564103959010801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340848682884652118.post-69490391814993508892012-11-26T12:14:00.001-07:002012-11-26T12:34:05.452-07:00Getting high (legally) in the forest <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Whenever I tell people about my research with veterans who
find that they feel better when they interact with nature, whether it’s
farming, gardening, hiking, canoeing or just sitting by the river, the common reply
is: “Of course they do!” </div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVH9cetnhp-epV8vXK4KOi5sMnZ5P9HDQ49Q2NUGmJ4XqPWGlPzvOXbkIxJuKjpGcKg8PjRtb1RUzO3jzTrn671bE3CzZjtQGaq4add371IxOHBm3no85GJJTFVpGeHRKfq-bPJbzwqNOP/s1600/2012-07-25+16.50.21.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVH9cetnhp-epV8vXK4KOi5sMnZ5P9HDQ49Q2NUGmJ4XqPWGlPzvOXbkIxJuKjpGcKg8PjRtb1RUzO3jzTrn671bE3CzZjtQGaq4add371IxOHBm3no85GJJTFVpGeHRKfq-bPJbzwqNOP/s320/2012-07-25+16.50.21.jpg" width="320" /></a>As my family doctor told me, “We could all do with getting outside
more often.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This common sense view is located deep in history. Ancient
Greek healing places and temples were located on hilltops in the countryside
with views of the ocean. Around the same time, Taoists in China were building
greenhouses and cultivating gardens as part of their approach for maintaining
health and wellbeing. During the Victorian era, gardens were often found in
hospitals. These are but a few examples of how healing has been tied to nature throughout
history.<br />
<br />
What is it that makes us feel so good? </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 157.15pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Medicinal properties in plants and trees</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span> </span></b></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir886jxL6t0hFAwJSeo2dG_Oivap_wB10Tjr7egeOthKZVeoWFA60-X8AIw-5srLlVBXLYf5nqGxQ99nr3cpkz4dZrkX_S7Q8NAF2kk5qAxlrbJk0UxGYjfki9VaGYDFNScVQNeuC_ojB6/s1600/2012-07-25+16.50.45.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir886jxL6t0hFAwJSeo2dG_Oivap_wB10Tjr7egeOthKZVeoWFA60-X8AIw-5srLlVBXLYf5nqGxQ99nr3cpkz4dZrkX_S7Q8NAF2kk5qAxlrbJk0UxGYjfki9VaGYDFNScVQNeuC_ojB6/s320/2012-07-25+16.50.45.jpg" title="One of my son's favorite play spaces" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">One of my son's favorite play spaces - a small grove of pine trees</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
To me, some of the most interesting research is about the biochemical
properties of plants and trees being done by Canadian botanist and medical and
agricultural research <a href="http://www.stuartbernstein.com/dianaberesford-kroeger.html" target="_blank">Diana Beresford-Kroeger</a>. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In addition to the soothing
sounds of the wind blowing through tree boughs, she notes that taking a walk in
a mature pine forest is known to:</div>
<ul>
<li>“exert a stimulant effect on breathing”</li>
<li>have “mild anaesthetic properties”</li>
<li>possibly produce a “mild narcotic function” </li>
</ul>
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<br /></div>
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Despite this research, however, there is relatively little attention
in the wider research on human-nature connections to the medicinal properties
released by plants and trees (more to come about this other research in future
blog posts).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">My recommendation </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Take a walk in a pine forest today, and you might just find yourself
feeling a little bit higher on life. And it’s completely legal!</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>References</b></div>
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<div class="ReferenceList">
Beresford-Kroeger, Diana. (2003). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Arboretum America: A philosophy of the forest. </i>Ann Arbor, MI: The
University of Michigan Press.</div>
<br />Stephanie Westlund, PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00153564103959010801noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340848682884652118.post-68568011815727470652012-11-23T13:15:00.004-07:002012-11-26T11:32:13.036-07:00Why isn’t every schoolyard “green”?<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Think of the school yard nearest where you live.
There’s probably a barren grass field with a soccer nets at either end, and a
baseball diamond in one corner. Perhaps there’s a playground. And maybe a large concrete
area with a basketball net. </div>
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<br /></div>
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This describes nearly all the schools I can think of, including the one down the street from my house. It’s the norm. But why?</div>
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<br /></div>
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There’s a growing trend across the country to “green” some school
yards. And with good reason. While it’s good for children to be outside (see my
previous post), the barren, institution-like grounds of traditional school yards are not the best play setting.
Green school yards, by contrast, incorporate diverse aspects, ranging from food
and wildflower gardens to ponds and treed spaces.</div>
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And recent studies reveal that these types of natural spaces
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In green school yards, children tend to:</div>
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<li>play more cooperatively, collaboratively and
respectfully </li>
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socio-economic status, physical ability and ethnicity </li>
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<br />
Disabled children are more likely to be included in play in
green spaces. Children from poor, middle class and wealthy backgrounds are more
likely to play together. Boys and girls are more likely to play together. And
kids from various ethnic backgrounds also play together. </div>
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<br /></div>
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In my mind, these are the types of behaviours that make us most human - creative thinking, cooperating, collaborating, and respecting others - and based on this research, it seems that interacting with one another in nature creates the opportunities to be at our best as a human beings.<br />
<br />
Accordingly, in this time when we are wondering how to curb bullying in schools, might
greening school yards provide one possibility? Not only to green play settings lead to positive relationships between children, they also provide an alternative to the technologies currently used in bullying. Just a thought.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Studies cited:</b><br />
<br />
<div class="ReferenceList">
Bell, Anne C. and Dyment, Janet E. (2006). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Grounds for action: Promoting physical
activity through school ground greening in Canada</i>. <a href="http://www.evergreen.ca/docs/res/Grounds-For-Action.pdf">http://www.evergreen.ca/docs/res/Grounds-For-Action.pdf</a> </div>
<div class="ReferenceList">
<br /></div>
<div class="ReferenceList">
Dyment, Janet E. (2005). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gaining ground: The power and potential of school ground greening in
the Toronto District School Board</i>. <a href="http://www.evergreen.ca/docs/res/Gaining-Ground.pdf">http://www.evergreen.ca/docs/res/Gaining-Ground.pdf</a></div>
</div>
Stephanie Westlund, PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00153564103959010801noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340848682884652118.post-40135119733691120082012-11-19T15:37:00.004-07:002012-11-19T15:37:59.090-07:00The ADHD and Nature Connection<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Academic studies are suggesting that experiences in the outdoors
are crucial for a child’s cognitive, social, and psychological development. In
my opinion, some of the most compelling work is that being done with children
diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, more commonly known by
its abbreviation ‘ADHD’.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Specifically, researchers Andrea Faber Taylor, Frances Kuo, and
William Sullivan found that urban environments and modern technologies often
aggravate a child’s ADHD symptoms. Further, the ADHD symptoms of children who spend
a lot of time playing in indoor settings such as basements with few or no
windows (I would think that many elementary school classrooms and gymnasiums would
also fall into this category) were much more severe than the symptoms of
children who played outside.</div>
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<br /></div>
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This leads to the most important finding of this research: that
natural settings often alleviate (and never worsen) a child’s ADHD symptoms. In
the researchers’ focus groups with parents, one parent shared that a Disneyland
trip was too stimulating for her child, but a camping trip to a state park resulted
in a vacation the whole family enjoyed because her child was relaxed, happy,
and calm. Another described how his son’s struggles with ADHD were minimal when
he was engaged in outdoor activities such as hitting golf balls or fishing. </div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
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<b>Other studies with similar findings: </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Author Richard Louv, in <a href="http://richardlouv.com/books/last-child" target="_blank">Last Child in the Woods: Saving our Children from Nature Deficit Disorder</a>,
is essentially making the same case. At one point in the book, he describes his
conversation with James Sallis, the program director for the Active Living
Research Program for the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, who tells him that
children with indoor, inactive upbringings are more likely to experience struggles
with mental health and wellbeing. In fact, Louv argues that although the ADHD
child is labelled as having the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">disorder</i>,
it is actually society that is disordered because it has created the structures
in which many children are no longer connecting with nature in any significant
way.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Meanwhile, a small study by Ke-Tsung Han showed that plants
were important to students’ behaviour and wellbeing in a junior-high classroom
in Taiwan. His experiment involved classrooms with plants and classrooms
without plants. Students in the classroom with plants tended to rate themselves
both as more comfortable in the classroom and as feeling more friendly towards
others than those students in a classroom without plants. </div>
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<br /></div>
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I personally find this interesting, and it is connected to findings
of research on Green School Yards. Check back soon to learn more about that
research!</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>REFERENCES:</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Han, Ke-Tsung. (2009). Influence of limitedly visible leafy
indoor plants on the psychology, behavior, and health of students at a junior
high school in Taiwan. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Environment and
Behavior,</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">41</i>(5), 658-692.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Louv, Richard. (2008). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Last
child in the woods: Saving our children from nature-deficit disorder</i>
(updated and expanded). Chapel Hill, N.C.: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Taylor, Andrea Faber, Kuo, Frances E., and Sullivan, William
C. (2001). Coping with ADD: The surprising connection to green play settings. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Environment and Behavior, 33</i>(1), 54-77.</div>
Stephanie Westlund, PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00153564103959010801noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8340848682884652118.post-84591786972512866542012-11-15T13:46:00.000-07:002012-11-22T22:15:16.906-07:00Welcome<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Have you ever noticed that a walk
in the woods can make all your cares and worries fall away? That your
grandmother is at her best when she digs in the garden?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Maybe you've noticed that your
ADHD child seems just fine when he’s playing outside. Or your kid would rather
play with sticks and pinecones than that cool plastic toy. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Or maybe your baby sleeps better at
night when she’s been outside during the day.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Want to know why? Then this blog
is for you.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Why this blog?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnCG4GJtINsadQJACRk4XEI_I5qeFt4jLhqRP4qQlyACG36RS0my2w8I82JOEcu6V5If8Aa1RkP78hz8mILaX7DvodeCosSzQOvF6FWBoxgGY_-81iz07CwUoVwdwgMvbnMDGc3a8TsE-g/s1600/Jasper+-+web.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnCG4GJtINsadQJACRk4XEI_I5qeFt4jLhqRP4qQlyACG36RS0my2w8I82JOEcu6V5If8Aa1RkP78hz8mILaX7DvodeCosSzQOvF6FWBoxgGY_-81iz07CwUoVwdwgMvbnMDGc3a8TsE-g/s320/Jasper+-+web.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">For the past few years, I’ve been
researching interactions between humans and nature. And the best kind of
academic research, I think, is the kind that changes your life. This research
has done just that.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">It’s changed the way I parent,
and the way I am in the world. It’s changed my priorities. Most importantly,
it’s changed me.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">But aside from the occasional
mention in the newspaper, most of this research hasn’t filtered down to the
general public. And that’s where this blog comes in. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">What will I write about?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">I’ll bring your attention to
recent academic studies and the ways that they might affect your life. For
example, there has been a lot of research into the ways that ADHD in children
is connected to their play spaces. And my own research at the moment involves
understanding how soldiers and veterans are turning to nature—from gardening
and farming to canoeing and hiking in the mountains—to recover from stress and
traumatic military experiences.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">There’s also research about the
ways that the biochemical properties in plants and trees may soothe people
suffering from illness. And studies with Alzheimer’s patients are now showing
that when patients have access to gardens, they have lower levels of anxiety
and better moods. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">For thousands of years, spending
time in nature has been considered to be good for a person’s health, but in
recent years, with our busy lives, modern technologies and medicines, this
connection is often forgotten. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Share your thoughts and experiences</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Come back for information and
musings about all these areas and more. And I’d love to hear from you, too!
Please write to share your experiences and interactions with nature. Or if
there are any particular areas or studies you'd like me to explore, let me know
that, too.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Stephanie Westlund, PhDhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00153564103959010801noreply@blogger.com0